It will be useful if the reader has already read the article on rivers before reading further. Construction plans for the desktop delta model desktop delta construction guide acrobat pdf 879kb jun27 08 the desktop delta was designed to be made from easilyavailable materials and with fairly limited machineshop skills. The nile delta area is now the major oil and gasproducing area of egypt. Characteristics of recent oil and gas discoveries in the. Natural gas geochemistry in the offshore nile delta, egypt. Proven reservoirs vary in age from oligocene through pleistocene. View subsurface geology of nile delta research papers on academia.
With the discovery of multi tcf gas fields in the western nile delta, interest in the deepwater pliocene play has increased signifi. To summarize briefly, gradual lifting and tilting of the earths crust along a zone that extends over 3000. The continental shelf off the nile delta is covered by terrigenous sands on the. Perhaps the two hardest things to find are 2inchwide aluminum channels and crushed anthracite coal. Niger delta usgs pdf tertiary niger delta akataagbada petroleum system no. The nile stopped flowing north during this transition, and sand dunes drifted into the abandoned river channel. Zeydan head of water engineering department, faculty of engineering, tanta university, egypt president of ewra, member of iwra, iwa, iwha, igwmc, ahwa email. The confluence of thewhite nile and blue nile abay bottom right, and the stretch of the river up to lake nasser nubia and the aswan. The shoreline is moved to account for the seawater rise and hence the study domain and the seaside boundary are modified accordingly. It is concluded that, large areas in the coastal zone of the nile delta will be submerged by seawater and the coast line will shift landward by several kilometers in the eastern and western sides of the delta. The delta is formed by the division of the branches of the river nile as it flows south through the valley formed by the nile in upper egypt. Lithological and petrophysical characteristics of the late. This study aimed to characterize the origin of natural gas and to determine whether it is biogenic, thermogenic or mixed processes which are considered the dominant generation pathways.
Pdf subsurface geology of the nile delta from egpc find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Sequence stratigraphy and depositional architecture of the. The usgs approach is to define petroleum systems and geologic assessment units and assess the poten tial for undiscovered oil and gas resources. The continental shelf off the nile delta is covered by terrigenous sands on the shore face, by terrigenous muds on the middle shelf, and by algal carbonates on the outer shelf. The tertiary niger delta is one of the major regressive deltaic sequences in the world. A river delta is a landform created by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slowermoving or stagnant water. Sheet 1, bedrock geologic map of the delta mineral belt, tok mining district, alaska, scale 1. Oct 19, 2014 500 years of not teaching the cubic formula. Geology department, faculty of science, tanta university 2. The nile is an example of a wavedominated delta that has the classic greek delta. A delta, in the geographic sense, is a deltoidshaped area determined by the major bifurcations of a river and resulting from relatively rapid deposition of riverborne sediment into a more or less still standing body of water. Pdf what is a fan delta and how do we recognize it. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html. Impacts of seawater rise on seawater intrusion in the nile.
For more information on the usgsthe federal source for science about the earth, its natural and. It is one of the worlds largest river deltasfrom alexandria in the west to port said in the east, it covers 240 km 150 mi of mediterranean coastline and is a rich agricultural region. Geology department, faculty of sciences, ain shams university, 11566 abbassia, cairo, egypt. Delta annil or simply ad delta is the delta formed in lower egypt where the nile river spreads out and drains into the mediterranean sea. Even this would not be enough time to sufficiently scratch the surface pun intended of the complex planet on which we live.
Chemical industry located in the nile delta is the main source of hazardous waste. The nile delta is a very important farming area in egypt. Application herein of archaeological data to geological problems helps to refine subsidencerate measurements between the flexure zone landward margin of the holocene nile delta. Petroleum exploration in the nile delta has produced modest results to date with a few mediumsized.
In geology the formation of river deltas and braided river streams has been. Remarks on the hydrogeology of the nile delta, u ar. The geology of the nile delt a is synthesize d by salem. Niger delta akataagbada petroleum system of9950h, chapter a. Key challenges to realizing full potential in an emerging. The nile eventually discharges into the mediterranean sea. Figure i shows a location map of the area presented in this talk.
Geochemical analyses of mudstones from wells in the ne offshore nile delta suggest that the early miocene qantara formation has good potential. The deltas sediments show an upward transition from marine prodelta shales akata formation through a. Geological section through the sedimentary layers of the niger deltas mouth 9. It is also regarded as one of the highly productive sedimentary basins in the subsaharan africa, due to its rich hydrocarbon content. The study of the earth, or geology, could very well take a lifetime. Pdf subsurface geology of the nile delta researchgate. The offshore nile delta basin is considered as one of the most promising hydrocarbon provinces in egypt, with an excellent potential for gas and condensate reserves following future exploration. In 1978 golder associates carried out a major geotechnical investigation over an area of 1200 ha surrounding port said, egypt. Nov, 2015 7the niger delta province petroleum geology i ss 2014 facies distribution of the niger delta fig. Pr 122 bedrock geologic map of the delta mineral belt, tok. The niger delta basin, also referred to as the niger delta province, is an extensional rift basin located in the niger delta and the gulf of guinea on the passive continental margin near the western coast of nigeria with suspected or proven access to cameroon, equatorial guinea and sao tome and principe. Last time, i looked at what defines a river delta as well as the timing of coastal delta formation globally around 70008000 years ago. The nile delta basin extends over a large geographical area approximately 120000 km2 located in the northeastern portion of egypt, to the northwest of sinai peninsula. By downloading these files, you agree to accept these terms and conditions.
Most of the discoveries in this basin, such as the reservoirs of the upper miocene and the middleupper pliocene, have been enabled by the use of a direct hydrocarbon indicator dhi, based. From the east edge of the niger delta south to the walvis. Pdf environmental geology and environmental geophysics. Students are given 4 hypothetical stratigraphic columns each roughly 30 m thick of deltaic deposits, 3 base maps with section locations, and a map scale.
Late palaeogenequaternary geology of halmahera, eastern indonesia. The investigation was primarily directed to the design of a land reclamation scheme and future development of the area. An estimate of oil window in nigeria niger delta basin from recent studies j. A fan delta is a depositional feature that is formed where an alluvial fan develops directly in a body of standing water from some adjacent highland. Subsurface geologicalgeotechnical 3d modeling to evaluate. Remarks on the hydrogeology of the nile delta, u a r.
Sediment in rivers gets deposited as the river slows down. Source rocks include jurassic coals and shales and the lower miocene. It was formed by the sedimentary processes between the upper miocene and present, then it was built up by the alluvium delivered by the old seven active branches of the nile which flowed through the delta, then humans and nature have closed five branches. Udoh 1,2department of geology, university of port harcourt, port harcourt, nigeria. The detailed studies, undertaken by the authors during the past ten years, for most. Elgharib geology department, faculty of science, tanta university, 31527 tanta egypt. Historical geologydeltas wikibooks, open books for an open. The abrupt development of pore pressure in the southern part of the nile delta is believed to be due to changes in the volume of pore fluids or rock matrix as a consequence of either aquathermal. The fan delta was formed at the in ter face be tween the active fan and a stand ing body of wa ter nemec and steel, 1988. Pdf subsurface geology and petroleum system in the. The northern boundary is the benin flankan eastnortheast trending hinge line south of the west africa basement massif. This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or more rarely another river that cannot carry away the supplied sediment. Reservoir geology and sequence stratigraphy of deep water sediments, offshore depobelt, niger delta, nigeria matthew o. Geological and stratigraphical studies on the subsurface sequence in gibb afia2 well, northern western desert, egypt akmal m.
The nile delta is one of the earliest identified deltaic systems in the world. Deltas rivers earth processes onegeology kids extra. Tertiary niger delta akataagbada petroleum system no. A braid delta is a coarsegrained delta that develops by progradation of a braided. A delta is a fan of braided streams and sediment formed when a river discharges into a larger body of water. The niger delta is a large arcuate delta of the destructive, wavedominated type and is composed of an overall regressive clastic sequence which reaches a maximum thickness of about 12 km in the basin centre. Structural effect on hydrocarbon trapping, north western. I was studying reservoir rocks and came across delta sandstones. The offshore nile delta basin is considered as one of the most promising province in egypt which has an excellent potential gas and condensate reserves for future exploration. Adelta is a flat, triangularshaped deposit of land found at the mouth of a river that empties into. When its time to transfer, you will have earned an associate in science degree to take with you.
This resource has more than doubled in the last three years, largely from successful deep water exploration for pliocene slopechannel systems. Africa middle east egypt nile delta nile delta basin west nile delta development 0. Read the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. Cambridge core geomorphology and physical geography the nile basin by martin williams. The present study aims to interpret the available data, that derived from well logs and 2d seismic reflection data, in the area located northeast onshore nile delta, in order to delineate its structural styles and its relation with the basement inferences and regional tectonic, and also to detect the possible existence of hydrocarbon accumulation at the tertiaryquaternary sedimentary section. Students subdivide the stratigraphic units into subfacies and interpret subenvironments delta plain, delta front, prodelta, marine and describelist features used to make these. The soils investigated were deep deltaic deposits of the river nile, laid down within the past 0 years. Petroleum potential of an emerging giant gas province. Torrential winter rains occasionally filled the channel, but no water reached the egyptian nile from south of the nubian swell, until the flow regime of.
It begins south of the equator in the northcentral. Most of egypts habitable land is within the nile delta and along the nile river. Structural map of the area cenozoic pliocene generalized lithostratigraphy column of the nile delta area after egpc, 1994 geological history paleocene paleocene sediments were not appear in deep drilling in the nile delta areas that was mostly due to regional uplifts that. The natural nile cycle of flow and sediment discharge has been disrupted by human intervention, including closure of the high aswan dam. Province geology the onshore portion of the niger delta province is delineated by the geology of southern nigeria and southwestern cameroon. Depositional history of the west nile delta upper oligocene.
The wadi passes through gharb darfur near the northern border with chad and meets up with the nile near the southern point of the great bend. The nile delta is roughly 500 km 310 mi wide and 800 km 500 mi long. Larger, heavier particles like pebbles and sand are deposited first, whilst the lighter silt and clay only settle if the water is almost still. Geology of the nile river catchment and hinterland.
Deltas form when silt and sediments accumulate at the mouths of large rivers. The yellow nile is a former tributary that connected the ouaddai highlands of eastern chad to the nile river valley c. Seismic imaging and reservoir architecture of submarine. The nile delta is a subsiding sedimentary basin that hosts. An important feature which emerged from com parisons between modern deltas is a relationship betweeen delta regime and morphology. Mar 25, 2012 this is the second in a series of three introductory posts focused on some of the basics of deltaic physical environments. Williams4 1school of environment and development, the university of manchester, manchester m 9pl, uk 2institute of geography and earth sciences, university of wales, aberystwyth, aberystwyth sy23 3db, uk. The third cycle, from eocene to recent, marked the continuous growth of the main niger delta. A new threefold lithostratigraphic subdivision is introduced for the niger delta subsurface, comprising an upper sandy benin formation, an intervening unit of alternating sandstone and shale named the agbada formation, and a lower shaly akata formation. Niger delta province, nigeria, cameroon, and equatorial guinea, africa. Subsurface geologicalgeotechnical 3d modeling to evaluate the geohazard of the alluvial soils in tanta region, egypt. Few countries in the world are as dependent on water from a single source as egypt.
The planets longest river, the nile, has a mouth that forms a famous triangle called the nile delta. Some rivers drop so much sediment that waves and tides cant carry it all away. Structural and stratigraphic mapping of delta field, agbada. Deltaic depositional facies result from interacting dynamics processes wave energy, tidal regime, currents, climate, etc.
Projected sealevelrise scenarios for the coming decades have sharpened focus on the delta s potential resilience to rapid changes in accommodation space. The nile should have dried up entirely at this time, but it received additional water as a result of tectonic changes in the headwater region associated with formation of the east african rift valley. Evolution, quaternary river environments and material fluxes jamie c. The nile delta and mediterranean deepwater trend along the northern coastline of egypt is an emerging giant gas province situated ideally for markets in the circummediterranean region. Khaled and others published subsurface geology and petroleum system in the eastern offshore area, nile delta, egypt find, read and cite all the research you need on.
Erosion, salinization, and pollution are inducing a marked decline in. Learning objectives marginal marine environments are the transitional areas between terrestrial and fully marine realms. Petrophysical evaluation of reservoir sand bodies, onshore field, eastern niger delta, nigeria okumokod. Nile delta phase 1 the west nile delta wnd gas development will develop a series of gas condensate fields, offshore the north coast of the arab republic of egypt. Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the nile delta basin province, eastern mediterranean. Over load ing and slope in sta bil ity due to rapid, al most con tin uous. Maps showing the geological setting of the niger delta in a section 8. The term delta was first applied by the greek philosopher herodotus 490 b. This basin is very complex, and it carries high economic value as it contains a very. Initially, the classic birdfootlobate arcuatecuspate spectrum of delta types was related to increas. Kurowska university of silesia department of fundamental geology sosnowiec poland abstract. The river branches spread out in a vshaped fan and make their way towards the mediterranean through lower egypt.
Brief geology of niger delta crude oil production in nigeria is produce in the niger delta of nigeria. Archaeology to refine holocene subsidence rates along the. The nile delta basin contains a thick sequence of neogene. Investigation of the properties of recent nile delta. Solo delta, java, indonesia growth pattern solo delta, east java mouth bar development in river mouth plume observations and modelling salinity and temperature profiles flow field and concentration of suspended matter spm analytical models outflow and deposition 3d numerical modelling indonesian delta systems. The wadi passes through gharb darfur near the northern border with chad and meets up with the nile. Deltas have a fairly flat section called a delta plain that is above water. Now, i was able to understand how, in destructive deltas, waves erode the delta and leave behind clean sand beaches which then lead to formation of rock when buried. Some deltas are so large that people can live on them. The geology of the modern nile catchment has largely been. An estimate of oil window in nigeria niger delta basin from. Description of the pungo river formation, north carolina depart ment of. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Nature and evolution of continental shelf sediments.
As the holocene transgression began, nile mud was discharged directly on to the nile submarine fan. The geology and the entrapment mechanism of the nile delta are still under discussion because the nile delta does not have any outcrops of older rocks, where it. There is a steeply sloping delta front that faces the lake or. Assessment of undiscovered petroleum in the tertiary niger delta. The delta is made up mainly of alternating layers of silt and sand, laid down by the nile over the past 10 thousand years or so. Water pollution in the nile branches as well as its lakes is caused by agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and urban and industrial effluents. Much palynological work has been done in this basin but there is little.
Using a combined dataset including 3d seismic volumes, 2d profiles and 127 industrial wells, this study systematically investigated sequence stratigraphy and depositional architecture of the pearl river delta system prds during the middle miocene. This chapter highlights the main factors characterizing the nile delta. The river cuts many small channels through the delta plain. The subsea 7 work scope involves the design, procurement. Late palaeogene quaternary geology of halmahera, eastern indonesia. Delta college geology offerings include field courses in and around the upper and lower peninsulas, focusing on michigan geology and geography, as well as destinations throughout north america. Environmental geology and environmental geophysics of northern nile delta in terms of neotectonic and physical processes introduction. Schoeneich geology department ahmadu bello university zaria, nigeria e.
A river delta is a landform that is formed at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir. Terms and conditions these materials are only for the personal use of scans members registered in geology and everyday life and are not for distribution otherwise. The niger delta is a major hydrocarbon producing basin in nigeria where intensive exploration and exploitation activities have been on since early 1960s owing to the discovery of commercial oil in oloibiri1 well in 1956 reijers et al. A new exploration tool for subtle stratigraphic traps in.
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